谷歌地图常规地图数据保存方式-KML文件格式
本文转自http://blog.csdn.net/alzhuzhu/article/details/52163572
基本章节结构:
1、kml文件基本应用范围及特性
2、kml格式标记讲解
2.1 地点标记(Placemarks)
2.2 使用HTML描述地点标记
2.3叠层叠层是覆盖在地球表面的图像。
2.4 路线
2.5 多边形
1 KML文件的定义及其在GOOGLE地图浏览器中的地位
基于文件的数据交换很早以来就是软件数据交换的主要方式之一。而KML文件就是一种在GOOGLE地图浏览器中用于交换地理数据的文件。它基于XML,并定义了一些TAG用于规定地理数据的显示方式。KML可用于定义的地理特征包括地点、描述、叠层、路径和多边形等。KML的用途主要有:
(1)指定地点的图标和注记;
(2)为每一个地理特征创建不同的视角位置;
(3)在地球上叠放图像;
(4)指定地理特征显示的样式;
(5)编写地理特征的HTML描述,包括超链接和内嵌图像;
(6)使用文件夹对地理特征进行群组;
(7)KML文件的动态获取及修改;
(8)显示三维地物;
2 基本格式
基本格式的KML文件是指可以直接由Google Earth创建的KML文件,它包括地点标记、叠层、路线和多边形。下面分别介绍。
2.1 地点标记(Placemarks)
地点标记是Google Earth中最常用的地理特征,它使用一个黄色的图钉在地球表面标记一个位置。
一个简单的地点标记的KML代码如下所示:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?> <kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1"> <Placemark> <name>Simple placemark</name> <description>Attached to the ground. Intelligently places itself at the height of the underlying terrain. </description> <Point> <coordinates>-122.0822035425683,37.42228990140251,0</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </kml>
它包括以下几个部分:
(1)XML头:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
(2)KML命名空间定义:
<kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1">
(3)地点标记对象,包括:
名称(name):用于对地点标记进行注记;
描述(description):对地点标记进行描述,“气球(ballon)”中的显示内容;
点(Point):指定地点标记的位置。
2.2 使用HTML描述地点标记
有两种方式来使用HTML描述地点标记,一种是直接在<description>,<Snippet>和<BalloonStyle>中的<text>标记中写入标准HTTP超链接地址,如www.google.com,这样Google Earth 4.0及更高版本将利用Auto-Markup技术自动把它显示为超链接。另一种是使用CDATA元素在<description>标记中写入自己的HTML标记语言,如下所示:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1"> <Document> <Placemark> <name>CDATA example</name> <description> <![CDATA[ <h1>CDATA Tags are useful!</h1> <p><font color="red">Text is <i>more readable</i> and <b>easier to write</b> when you can avoid using entity references.</font></p> ]]> </description> <Point> <coordinates>102.595626,14.996729</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Document> </kml>
当然,还有一种使用转义字符来表示特殊符号的方式,这就不需要CDATA元素,如下所示:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1"> <Document> <Placemark> <name>Entity references example</name> <description> <h1>Entity references are hard to type!</h1> <p><font color="green">Text is <i>more readable</i> and <b>easier to write</b> when you can avoid using entity references.</font></p> </description> <Point> <coordinates>102.594411,14.998518</coordinates> </Point> </Placemark> </Document> </kml>
2.3叠层
叠层是覆盖在地球表面的图像。一个简单的叠层KML代码如下所示:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1"> <Folder> <name>Ground Overlays</name> <description>Examples of ground overlays</description> <GroundOverlay> <name>Large-scale overlay on terrain</name> <description>Overlay shows Mount Etna erupting on July 13th, 2001.</description> <Icon> <href>http://code.google.com/apis/kml/documentation/etna.jpg</href> </Icon> <LatLonBox> <north>37.91904192681665</north> <south>37.46543388598137</south> <east>15.35832653742206</east> <west>14.60128369746704</west> <rotation>-0.1556640799496235</rotation> </LatLonBox> </GroundOverlay> </Folder> </kml>
在GroundOverlay中,它包含两个较新的标记:
Icon:指定图片的URL;
LatLonBox:指定图片的位置和范围。
Google Earth支持JPEG,BMP, GIF, TIFF, TGA和PNG等格式的图像。
2.4 路线
在KML里面,路线由LineString元素来创建。如下所示:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1"> <Document> <name>Paths</name> <description>Examples of paths. Note that the tessellate tag is by default set to 0. If you want to create tessellated lines, they must be authored (or edited) directly in KML.</description> <Style id="yellowLineGreenPoly"> <LineStyle> <color>7f00ffff</color> <width>4</width> </LineStyle> <PolyStyle> <color>7f00ff00</color> </PolyStyle> </Style> <Placemark> <name>Absolute Extruded</name> <description>Transparent green wall with yellow outlines</description> <styleUrl>#yellowLineGreenPoly</styleUrl> <LineString> <extrude>1</extrude> <tessellate>1</tessellate> <altitudeMode>absolute</altitudeMode> <coordinates> -112.2550785337791,36.07954952145647,2357 -112.2549277039738,36.08117083492122,2357 -112.2552505069063,36.08260761307279,2357 -112.2564540158376,36.08395660588506,2357 -112.2580238976449,36.08511401044813,2357 -112.2595218489022,36.08584355239394,2357 -112.2608216347552,36.08612634548589,2357 -112.262073428656,36.08626019085147,2357 -112.2633204928495,36.08621519860091,2357 -112.2644963846444,36.08627897945274,2357 -112.2656969554589,36.08649599090644,2357 </coordinates> </LineString> </Placemark> </Document> </kml>
2.5 多边形
多边形由<Polygon>定义,包括 outerBoundaryIs和innerBoundaryIs,如下所示:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?><kml xmlns="http://earth.google.com/kml/2.1"> <Placemark> <name>The Pentagon</name> <Polygon> <extrude>1</extrude> <altitudeMode>relativeToGround</altitudeMode> <outerBoundaryIs> <LinearRing> <coordinates> -77.05788457660967,38.87253259892824,100 -77.05465973756702,38.87291016281703,100 -77.05315536854791,38.87053267794386,100 -77.05552622493516,38.868757801256,100 -77.05844056290393,38.86996206506943,100 -77.05788457660967,38.87253259892824,100 </coordinates> </LinearRing> </outerBoundaryIs> <innerBoundaryIs> <LinearRing> <coordinates> -77.05668055019126,38.87154239798456,100 -77.05542625960818,38.87167890344077,100 -77.05485125901024,38.87076535397792,100 -77.05577677433152,38.87008686581446,100 -77.05691162017543,38.87054446963351,100 -77.05668055019126,38.87154239798456,100 </coordinates> </LinearRing> </innerBoundaryIs> </Polygon> </Placemark> </kml>